View Full Version : The Twelve, Or Thirteen, Original Duchies
Crossfell
09-27-2003, 06:40 AM
The Atlas of Cerilia, page 17, lists 11 of the 12 original duchies as Boeurine, Mhoried, Diemed, Avanil, Alamie, Aerenwe, Elinie, Talinie, Taeghas, Osoerde, and Cariele. It also mentions the lands now known as Ghoere. According to the BR novels Ghoere was formed from two duchies known as Ghieste and Dhalaene. This puts us up to 13 duchies.
Not sure how Brosengae fits into this formula. Ruins of Empire refers to it as a duchy as well. That would make 14 duchies.
Also not sure how Talinie qualified as an original duchy. Apparently it was an Imperial outpost initially and nothing more until after Michael Roele's death.
So, what are the twelve original duchies of Anuire? If you're really brave how do the princes, mentioned on page 7 of Ruins of Empire, figure into the picture?
Cheers,
Steve
Osprey
09-27-2003, 02:35 PM
Not that I'm an authority, but I'd consider Talinie a typo from your original list, and Brosengae a self-styled Duchey.
Raesene Andu
09-27-2003, 03:16 PM
I concur with Osprey, Talinie is definitely a typo. The others you list are correct though. Avanil, Boeruine, Mhoried, Diemed, Alamie, Osoerde, Aerenwe, Taeghas,
Elinie, Cariele, Ghieste, and Dhalaene are the original 12 duchies descended from the 12 houses of the Andu.
As for Brosengae, I would guess it inherited the title from Taeghas (as Taeghas is now ruled by a count) and that it broke away from Taeghas sometime in the past, most likely due to a civil war or other conflict.
As for the princes mentioned in Ruins of Empire, they would have been members of the imperial family (i.e. those directly in line to claim the throne). I assume it was the role of the princes of Anuire to rule over regions of the empire for their father (or mother). Much as Great Britain has the Prince of Wales, Anuire may have had a Prince of Brechtur or something like that.
Most likely Avan's title of prince comes from marriage to a member of the Imperial family somewhere in the past, perhaps a second or third son who never gain the throne.
Fearless_Leader
09-28-2003, 08:11 PM
In my games I usually have the Avan's being a distant cadet branch of House Roele and the Princes of Avanil basing their claim to the Iron Throne off of that (actually being a part of the Roele house and being senior to all the other houses... this of course is disputed by the Prince's opponents, like Boeruine, who claim that more recent marriages into House Roele should take precedent).
Osprey
09-29-2003, 11:55 PM
Given that Avan has a Great Bloodline (w/ Great Heritage in BRCS terms), might the Avan line be closer to the Roele line than a "distant cadet branch?" If not, why do the Avans have such a distinguished, powerful line? Has anyone ever heard or come up with a good background story on the Avan bloodline that explains its heritage and power?
-Osprey
Fearless_Leader
09-30-2003, 12:50 AM
Originally posted by Osprey@Sep 29 2003, 03:55 PM
Has anyone ever heard or come up with a good background story on the Avan bloodline that explains its heritage and power?*
Well since you asked, here's what I've been using lately:
"Raesene, Haelyn, and Roele were born to the Anwe, First House of the Andu. The Anwe settled in modern day Avanil, becoming the strongest and most populous of the Andu tribes. When Roele began founding the Empire, it came to be known as the Empire of the Anwe, especially when Roele expanded the old tribal seat of Caer Anwehyr (Fortress of the Anwe) and named it the Imperial Capital in 12 HC. In time, of course, both city and empire would come be known as Anuire.
The Avans trace their descent back to Prince Avanlyr "the Dragon" Roele, first son of Daulton Roele, who was the second son of Roele himself. Avanlyr was a charismatic leader and general who led the Anuirean armies stationed along the southern boundries of Vosgaard and noted for the dragon bloodmark upon his face and neck, notable for that fact that the Roeles had no bloodmark. After brilliantly defeating a Vos army that had assembled to invade the Anuirean possessions in Khinasi, adding new lands to the Anuirean Empire in eastern Khinasi, and fostering the spread of Haelyn's and Cuiraecen's faiths, the Emperor saw fit to reward Avanlyr. The Emperor, Boeric Roele, increasingly pressed by the governance of the Empire as a whole, had little time to rule the lands of the Anwe. As such, Boeric decided to reward Avanlyr for his service with the rulership of the Anwe lands. Of course, the Anwe lands eventually came to be known as Avanil, while their rulers, descended from Avanlyr, came to be known as the Avans. It is on this basis that the Avans claim the title of Prince and claim to be the proper heirs of the Roele dynasty. Popular stories say that the bloodmark is a manifestation of a piece of Avanlyr's spirit, present in all Avans and passed down through the generations."
As for Avan having a Great bloodline.... I see the other houses as once having possessed great bloodlines as well, as their progenitors were, after all, present at Deismaar. However, years of intermarriage and/ or misrule have reduced these bloodlines. The Avans are clearly better at preserving their line and have managed to raise their lines through direct rulership. One thing I think a lot of people forget is that you can affect your bloodline through rulership (by expending RP, naming state temples, accepting vassals and so on).
Osprey
09-30-2003, 01:37 AM
As for Avan having a Great bloodline.... I see the other houses as once having possessed great bloodlines as well, as their progenitors were, after all, present at Deismaar. However, years of intermarriage and/ or misrule have reduced these bloodlines. The Avans are clearly better at preserving their line and have managed to raise their lines through direct rulership. One thing I think a lot of people forget is that you can affect your bloodline through rulership (by expending RP, naming state temples, accepting vassals and so on).
I've thought of that possibility, too - though I limited the landed Great Bloodlines to the original 12 Duchies.
You can raise your bloodline strength, but how can rulership raise your bloodline strenght (from Major to Great, for instance)? Also, what do you mean when referring to state temples?
The BRCS says you can only raise your bloodline with RP twice in one year. Is that an original rule or a later one?
-Osprey
Fearless_Leader
09-30-2003, 02:09 AM
Originally posted by Osprey@Sep 29 2003, 05:37 PM
You can raise your bloodline strength, but how can rulership raise your bloodline strenght (from Major to Great, for instance)?* Also, what do you mean when referring to state temples?*
The BRCS says you can only raise your bloodline with RP twice in one year.* Is that an original rule or a later one?
Essentially, spending your RP on raising your bloodline is rulership effecting your bloodline. You've collected enough holdings to generate enough RP, so you can raise your bloodline. This is a pretty fundamental concept that gets lost most of the time. Through good rulership, you can increase your blood power. You note the rule in the BRCS... this was not an original rule. Nonetheless, I don't think it refutes my point. In fact, I think it reinforces it. All the BRCS rule does is limits what could potentially be a broken rule. Under the old rules, there really wasn't much reason for most people's bloodline to be so low in power. With the BRCS, regents must take a more generational viewpoint, which I feel is more realistic anyways. In reference to Avanil, I've kinda felt that their bloodline dropped with the rest of them, but over the last several generations the Princes have managed to bring it back up through very effective rulership (spreading holdings into Tuornen, Diemed, gaining the vassalage of Brosengae and Taeghas, as well as Prince Avan's constant courting of every noble in Anuire... it should also be noted that in the original Ruins of Empire, it notes that Darien Avan courts the nobles as shamelessly as he courts the commoners... having a high loyalty in one's own realm certainly makes it easier to increase one's holdings, bringing in more regency for increasing bloodlines).
Furthermore, rulership has a very direct effect as well. RP can be gained or lost based upon a regent's response to a random event. If that random event experiences a critical success or failure, bloodline strength can go up or down. The timeline is long enough that the Avans will have resolved enough random events to boost their bloodline strength by a not insignificant amount. Basically, all these things feed off each other: if one rules well, one's descendents will have more RP and a higher bloodline with which to undertake their actions.
As for state temples, the original Book of Priestcraft stated that naming an official temple incurred a loss of one bloodline point to the province regent.
To summarize: strength builds upon itself. The more successfull a dynasty is, the more successfull it will be in the future, barring some sort of disaster. The Avans have reached a sort of critical mass I think and become the most successful dynasty in Anuire, allowing their bloodline to shoot far above everyone elses.
This sort of generational philosophy explains how a small but successful dynasty can eventually build itself up to be quite strong. The Avans may only have a distant relation to the Roele's any more, but if you combine the Roele blood with all the factors I mentioned above, you can get a substantial bloodline score.
Osprey
09-30-2003, 03:33 PM
As for state temples, the original Book of Priestcraft stated that naming an official temple incurred a loss of one bloodline point to the province regent.
Unfortunately, I never owned the supplements such as the Book of Priestcraft, so I'm still at a loss on this one. What are the benefits of naming a state religion? They must be exceptional if the landed regent is willing to drop a permanent point of bloodline score.
In my own campaign, raising one's Bloodline score through rulership (sufficient RP) is NEVER overlooked - it is the easiest way for strong rulers to increase their bloodline score. And gains of regency from resolving events and accomplishing great deeds (most of my adventures have this potential) can speed that process along a great deal, as you mentioned.
Fearless_Leader
10-01-2003, 01:14 AM
Originally posted by Osprey@Sep 30 2003, 07:33 AM
Unfortunately, I never owned the supplements such as the Book of Priestcraft, so I'm still at a loss on this one. What are the benefits of naming a state religion? They must be exceptional if the landed regent is willing to drop a permanent point of bloodline score.
In my own campaign, raising one's Bloodline score through rulership (sufficient RP) is NEVER overlooked - it is the easiest way for strong rulers to increase their bloodline score. And gains of regency from resolving events and accomplishing great deeds (most of my adventures have this potential) can speed that process along a great deal, as you mentioned.
I don't overlook it in my games either, but it often is overlooked in discussions such as this. More specifically, I mean that it's overlooked when trying to explain the current state of bloodlines in Anuire. For example, when you say that the Avans must descend from something other than a cadet branch of the Roele's, this arguement, I believe, defeats that line of reasoning... which is where this whole discussion started.
The advantage in naming a state faith, is of course, gaining the support of said temple. The relevant passage in the BoP, pg. 70 reads thusly: "... a state religion weakens the authority of the king to some degree, since the king must fear the censure of the high priest. A recognized faith weakens the king's bloodline score by 1 point at the time the religion is recognized (in the manner of the Matter of Justice random event), and if the priest regent chooses to oppose any actions taken by the king, he may apply a 2 point modifier to the king's action check (in favor of the priest's preferred result). On the other hand, recognizing a state religion may save the king face down the road." The rules then go on to explain the benefits a priest gets for being the state faith.
So while there are no rules benefits for the realm regent, the benefits would primarily be in-game, scenario driven politics.
kgauck
10-01-2003, 03:20 AM
----- Original Message -----
From: "Osprey" <brnetboard@BIRTHRIGHT.NET>
Sent: Tuesday, September 30, 2003 10:33 AM
> Unfortunately, I never owned the supplements such as the Book
> of Priestcraft, so I`m still at a loss on this one. What are the benefits
> of naming a state religion? They must be exceptional if the landed
> regent is willing to drop a permanent point of bloodline score.
There are few, and there are tons of hassels. Naming a state religion is
nothing I would ever do willingly. Therefore the only way I can ever see a
ruler naming a state religion is because he is so in need of the help of a
large temple that he is willing to tie himself to their approval and take
the bloodline hit. Likewise, the temple could have something else that
makes the deal one that the landed ruler can`t refuse.
Kenneth Gauck
kgauck@mchsi.com
Osprey
10-01-2003, 03:34 AM
For example, when you say that the Avans must descend from something other than a cadet branch of the Roele's, this arguement, I believe, defeats that line of reasoning... which is where this whole discussion started.
My question (which was meant to be a question more than an argument) was why Avan had a Great Bloodline with Great Heritage, not why his bloodline score was so high. That part is pretty easy to justify. It's far more difficult to raise the actual bloodline strength (usually requiring heroic deeds). The same goes for Great Heritage. Actually, I think your history better explains that heritage. Nonetheless, maintaining such a strong bloodline's purity would be exceedingly difficult - which is why I would suspect that nearly any bloodline would get diluted after 1500 years of intermarriage.
What I would look for to justify such a bloodline is heroic deeds and accomplishments in the more recent Avan history - at least within the last few centuries. Periodic restorations of the line seem like they would be necessary to counter the effects of long-term dilution.
-Osprey
Fearless_Leader
10-01-2003, 04:09 AM
Originally posted by Osprey@Sep 30 2003, 07:34 PM
My question (which was meant to be a question more than an argument) was why Avan had a Great Bloodline with Great Heritage, not why his bloodline score was so high. That part is pretty easy to justify. It's far more difficult to raise the actual bloodline strength (usually requiring heroic deeds). The same goes for Great Heritage. Actually, I think your history better explains that heritage. Nonetheless, maintaining such a strong bloodline's purity would be exceedingly difficult - which is why I would suspect that nearly any bloodline would get diluted after 1500 years of intermarriage.
What I would look for to justify such a bloodline is heroic deeds and accomplishments in the more recent Avan history - at least within the last few centuries. Periodic restorations of the line seem like they would be necessary to counter the effects of long-term dilution.
-Osprey
Indeed it is. Somewhere in my rambling I mentioned that Avan's line probably declined, but that it was strengthened in recent generations (at least as I've interpreted it in my games).
It should also be noted that the Bloodline Investiture and Ceremonies of Designation can also slow the degredation of a bloodline to a great degree, perhaps even stopping it entirely (which is another reason to remain of good terms with the local priest... :) ).
As for the bloodline strength (tainted, minor, major, great, true), I've seen it mainly as a matter of semantics. Once one crosses a certain threshold in the bloodline score, one's bloodline becomes "great." Of course, I also don't make use of the bloodline ability score, templates, or ECLs from the BRCS.
Osprey
10-01-2003, 03:07 PM
It should also be noted that the Bloodline Investiture and Ceremonies of Designation can also slow the degredation of a bloodline to a great degree, perhaps even stopping it entirely (which is another reason to remain of good terms with the local priest... ).
That's true. It brings up an interesting question, though: just how common is it for aging scions to give up their bloodlines and regency and "retire" from rulership. It's certainly the "smart" thing to do for keeping bloodlines strong, otherwise all of the bloodline gains of the regent's adult life are lost to the heir.
But we're talking about powerful regents with divine power flowing in their veins. How would you like to have lived all of your life with such power and then suddenly be bereft of it? The same goes for temporal power wielded as a regent. How many kings in medieval Europe willingly abdicated before death so that their heirs could assume the throne? I can't think of many examples, although King Lear stands as a literary example (with some historical basis).
The point is that in a feudal system, power is rarely given up voluntarily. It's just hard to let go once it's become a way of life, and this would be even more true when this involves giving up one's bloodline power as well. It takes a truly noble man to make such a sacrifice.
The Realm Spell Bloodline Ward could help in this regard, but there are numerous limitations: the duration is 1 week per caster level, and the bloodline is transferred to a focus (not directly to the heir). There are similar magic items that can preserve the bloodline for the heir, but these are probably not too common. And any of these effects only protect against violent death.
I suppose it might be more common to invest one's heir if the regent has a terminal disease and knows he's dying. But a good number must surely die without warning - heart attacks, strokes, choking, etc.
So all in all, I'd guess that many regents don't manage to invest their heirs with their bloodlines. Which does give us yet another reason why the Anuirean bloodlines aren't stronger than they are.
Perhaps it is an Avan tradition to invest one's heir after a certain age (70?) and voluntarily retire - that would up the percentages significantly. On the other hand, I have a hard time imagining proud, power-driven Darien Avan giving up one ounce of power voluntarily. It seems out-of-character for him. What I can see him doing is having Rhobher Nichaleir (WIT) keeping a continuous Bloodline Ward spell on him. The focus would probably be in the temple (the priest needs either the focus or the target scion to renew the spell).
A second possibility is that the Avans have a heriditary suit of armor with the Blood Protection power. Items like this are always problematic, however, as a victorious foe will usually claim the arms of the defeated as his property. If we're following medieval codes of conduct, it was a knight's right (and usually any soldier's) to claim the arms and armor of a defeated foe - even one who surrenders or is subdued. This was the chief source of income for knights-errant and tourney "prize fighters." Likewise, battlefield looting was a powerful incentive to most poorly-paid (or conscripted) medieval soldiers.
Just some thoughts on the matter. :)
-Osprey
Green Knight
10-01-2003, 05:27 PM
How many actually use regency loss? IMC they tend to cancel a lot of the
gains regents get from spending RPs to enhance their bloodlines. Maybe
I`m just a sadistic DM, but my player and/or NPC regents fail all the
time and their bloodlines suffer for it. In fact, if a regent doesn`t
enhance his score, he might well face a net loss over time.
Cheers
Bjørn
-----Original Message-----
From: Birthright Roleplaying Game Discussion
[mailto:BIRTHRIGHT-L@ORACLE.WIZARDS.COM] On Behalf Of Fearless_Leader
Sent: 1. oktober 2003 03:14
To: BIRTHRIGHT-L@ORACLE.WIZARDS.COM
Subject: Re: The Twelve, Or Thirteen, Or... [2#1974]
This post was generated by the Birthright.net message forum.
You can view the entire thread at:
http://www.birthright.net/forums/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=1974
Fearless_Leader wrote:
Unfortunately, I never owned the
supplements such as the Book of Priestcraft, so I`m still at a loss on
this one. What are the benefits of naming a state religion? They must
be exceptional if the landed regent is willing to drop a permanent point
of bloodline score.
In my own campaign, raising one`s Bloodline score through rulership
(sufficient RP) is NEVER overlooked - it is the easiest way for strong
rulers to increase their bloodline score. And gains of regency from
resolving events and accomplishing great deeds (most of my adventures
have this potential) can speed that process along a great deal, as you
mentioned.
I don`t overlook it in my games either, but it often is overlooked in
discussions such as this. More specifically, I mean that it`s
overlooked when trying to explain the current state of bloodlines in
Anuire. For example, when you say that the Avans must descend from
something other than a cadet branch of the Roele`s, this arguement, I
believe, defeats that line of reasoning... which is where this whole
discussion started.
The advantage in naming a state faith, is of course, gaining the
support of said temple. The relevant passage in the BoP, pg. 70 reads
thusly: "... a state religion weakens the authority of the king to
some degree, since the king must fear the censure of the high priest. A
recognized faith weakens the king`s bloodline score by 1 point at the
time the religion is recognized (in the manner of the Matter of Justice
random event), and if the priest regent chooses to oppose any actions
taken by the king, he may apply a 2 point modifier to the king`s action
check (in favor of the priest`s preferred result). On the other hand,
recognizing a state religion may save the king face down the road."
The rules then go on to explain the benefits a priest gets for being the
state faith.
So while there are no rules benefits for the realm regent, the benefits
would primarily be in-game, scenario driven politics.
************************************************** **********************
****
Birthright-l Archives:
http://oracle.wizards.com/archives/birthright-l.html
Osprey
10-01-2003, 06:52 PM
How many actually use regency loss? IMC they tend to cancel a lot of the
gains regents get from spending RPs to enhance their bloodlines. Maybe
I`m just a sadistic DM, but my player and/or NPC regents fail all the
time and their bloodlines suffer for it. In fact, if a regent doesn`t
enhance his score, he might well face a net loss over time.
Cheers
Bjørn
I suppose that all depends on how difficult you make the challenges facing them, and how many of them they must face. The more problems a regent faces, though, the more RP they have to burn to ensure success (or at least improve the odds), and thus the slower they improve their bloodline through RP - unless they ggain regency through successful resolution of those events, in which case the RP spent is probably a net gain investment. But that all depends on how stingy you are with rewards as opposed to losses of regency.
Even a regent who succeeds 75% of the time and fails 25% of the time is likely to break even on gains and losses of regency, as the losses are much more severe than the gains.
-Osprey
ConjurerDragon
10-02-2003, 02:57 PM
Bjørn Eian Sørgjerd schrieb:
>How many actually use regency loss? IMC they tend to cancel a lot of the
>gains regents get from spending RPs to enhance their bloodlines. Maybe
>I`m just a sadistic DM, but my player and/or NPC regents fail all the
>time and their bloodlines suffer for it. In fact, if a regent doesn`t
>enhance his score, he might well face a net loss over time.
>Cheers
>Bjørn
>
>
Which is illogical if only applied to RP loss - when failure in certain
actions can lead to a loss of RP, then success in the same actions
should lead to a gain in RP. For example losing half of your kingdom to
a catastrophic event would result in a major loss of RP - but gaining
the same amount of holdings currently does not increase the RP in the
same way, does it? If it would it would beginning heirs give a boost of
RP to work with when they first are invested as new ruler.
bye
Michael
(and I do not post that because I play in Björns campaign and my PC is
very old - not only at least ;-))
ryancaveney
10-02-2003, 09:02 PM
On Thu, 2 Oct 2003, Michael Romes wrote:
> Which is illogical if only applied to RP loss - when failure in
> certain actions can lead to a loss of RP, then success in the same
> actions should lead to a gain in RP.
Agreed.
> For example losing half of your kingdom to a catastrophic event would
> result in a major loss of RP - but gaining the same amount of holdings
> currently does not increase the RP in the same way, does it?
I play that it does. Similarly, in any case where there is an exchange in
which one party loses bloodline score (e.g., in/di-vestiture of multiple
holdings), the other party gains the same amount.
Ryan Caveney
Green Knight
10-04-2003, 02:04 PM
Well, that all depends on how you view RPs gained from your domain. I tend to think of RPs as "you`re doing well points". That is, the more RPs you gain the better you are doing governing your domain (and remember that regency loss not only takes away points from your score, but also depletes your RPs).
With he RPs you gain, you can both solve the various challenges that arise for your domain. Sometimes things go well enough that there is a surplus, which can be used to enhance your bloodline. Sometime things go wrong, and you loose your precious bloodline points as well as your stash of RPs. Over the years, if you rule really well, you`ll have a net gain, but most rulers will find their bloodline scores pretty stable.
In addition, when the heir takes over, I generally think he should be required to spend some regency to take over a domain (and unless someone, like the old regent, has some RPs to spend I think that should lead to a loss of bloodline score).
Indeed, the first part of a new regents rule migth well break him, or at the very least reduce his bloodline score by a few points. The first few years (especially if there are many enemies or the domain is unstable) might have many difficult cahallenges to the new regent`s rule.
In sum, I find that this effectively removes the tendency for bloodline scores to increase to unrealistic levels over too short a period of time.
Cheers
Bjørn
...and we all feel with Michael, Assan is getting very old, and these are dangerous times...
>
> Fra: Michael Romes <Archmage@T-ONLINE.DE>
> Dato: 2003/10/02 Thu PM 04:41:21 CEST
> Til: BIRTHRIGHT-L@ORACLE.WIZARDS.COM
> Emne: Re: The Twelve, Or Thirteen, Or... [2#1974]
>
> Bjørn Eian Sørgjerd schrieb:
>
> >How many actually use regency loss? IMC they tend to cancel a lot of the
> >gains regents get from spending RPs to enhance their bloodlines. Maybe
> >I`m just a sadistic DM, but my player and/or NPC regents fail all the
> >time and their bloodlines suffer for it. In fact, if a regent doesn`t
> >enhance his score, he might well face a net loss over time.
> >Cheers
> >Bjørn
> >
> >
> Which is illogical if only applied to RP loss - when failure in certain
> actions can lead to a loss of RP, then success in the same actions
> should lead to a gain in RP. For example losing half of your kingdom to
> a catastrophic event would result in a major loss of RP - but gaining
> the same amount of holdings currently does not increase the RP in the
> same way, does it? If it would it would beginning heirs give a boost of
> RP to work with when they first are invested as new ruler.
> bye
> Michael
> (and I do not post that because I play in Björns campaign and my PC is
> very old - not only at least ;-))
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
Cheers
Bjørn
-------------------------------------------------
WebMail fra Tele2 http://www.tele2.no
-------------------------------------------------
Osprey
10-04-2003, 07:34 PM
In addition, when the heir takes over, I generally think he should be required to spend some regency to take over a domain (and unless someone, like the old regent, has some RPs to spend I think that should lead to a loss of bloodline score).
I think that should depend on how smooth the succession goes. By the current BRCS rules, the heir gains the former regent's RP reserve and earns half collection from the realm until a coronation ceremony is successfully completed. If there are any regents with holdings in the realm, they may spend RP to support or oppose the coronation. So if there are other contenders, they could make it VERY difficult (and expensive, in terms of RP) for the Ceremony to succeed without strong support from allies.
On the other hand, suceeding to a realm where the former regent's allies all support the heir will make for a relatively smooth transition with low RP cost - which I think is as it should be. It means the former regent (or the heir himself) made certain of the other regents' support for the heir - the sign of a strong ruler leaving a stable legacy behind.
Of course, in the current climate of competitive politics, such unilateral support is unlikely...
Powered by vBulletin® Version 4.2.2 Copyright © 2025 vBulletin Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.